The Never Before Told Story on Writing an Essay Topics That You Really Need to Read or Be Left Out

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Osteogenisis Imperfecta Free Essays

string(150) " The height of the child in terms of expected growth, signs of scoliosis or laxity of ligaments, and range of motion of the joints are all important\." Osteogenisis imperfecta (OI) is â€Å"a rare genetic disorder of collagen synthesis associated with broad spectrum of musculoskeletal problems, most notably bowing and fractures of the extremities, muscle weakness, ligamentous laxity, and spinal deformities.† (Binder, 386). Other collagen-containing extraskeletal tissues, such as the sclerae, the teeth, and the heart valves are also affected to a variable degree. We will write a custom essay sample on Osteogenisis Imperfecta or any similar topic only for you Order Now OI has a â€Å"common feature of bony fragility associated with defective formation of collagen by osteoblasts and fibroblasts.† (Smith, 1983, 13) This disease, involving defective development of the connective tissues, is usually the result of the autosomal dominant gene, but can also be the result of the autosomal recessive gene. Spontaneous mutations are common and the clinical presentation of the disease remains to be quite broad. (Binder, 386) OI is most commonly referred to as â€Å"brittle bones†, but other names include: fragilitas ossium, hypolasia of the mesenchyme, and osteopsathyrosis. Osteogenisis imperfecta is still not completely understood, and while there have been advances in diagnosing the disease, treatment is still limited. Osteogenisis imperfecta is the result of mutations in the genes for type I collagen. In the mild dominantly inherited form of OI (type I), † a non-functional allele for the alpha 1 (I) chain halves collagen synthesis,† (Smith, 1995, 169) and is largely responsible for the inheritance. Single base mutations in the codon for glycine causes lethal (type II) OI by wrecking the formation of the collagen triple helix. Types III and IV are the â€Å"less dram- atic outcomes of similar glycine mutations in either the alpha 1 (I) or the alpha 2(I) chains.(Smith, 1995, 169) The clinical signs can be caused from defective osteoblastic activity and defective mesenchymal collagen (embryonic connective tissue) and its derivatives, such as sclera, bones, and ligaments. The reticulum fails to differentiate into mature collagen or the collagen develops abnormally. This causes immature and coarse bone formation and thinning. (Loeb, 755) The signs and symptoms of OI vary greatly depending on the type. The most commonly used classification is the Sillence (type I to IV): Type I is the mildest form of OI and is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The sclerae(middle coat of eyeball) is distinctly blue. Type I is broken down into IA and IB — the difference being whether dentinogenesis is present. IA has a life expectancy nearly the same as the general public. The physical activity is limited, and may appear to have no disability at all. The bones have a mottled or wormian appearance, forming small islands. (Isselbacher, 2111) Type II is lethal in utero or shortly there afterbirth. The survivors live from just a few hours to several months. The kayotypes of parents are usually normal. This type is broken down into three subgroups: IIA is characterized by a broad, crumpled femora and continuos rib beading, IIB by minimal to no rib fractures, and IIC by a thin femora and ribs with extensive fracturing. While in the uterus, there is poor fetal movement, low fetal weight, poor ossification of the fetal skeleton, hypoplastic lungs, the long bones of the upper and lower limbs are shortened or deformed, and the head is soft. Intrauterine fractures occur, and parinatal death is usually from intracranial hemorrhage due to vessel fragility or respiratory distress from pulmonary hypoplasia. The bones and other tissues are extremely fragile, and massive injuries occur in utero or delivery. The ribs appear beaded or broken and the long bones crumpled. (Isselbacher, 2111) Type III and IV are intermediate in severity between types I and II. Type III differs from I in its greater severity, and from IV in that it increases in severity with age. It can be inherited as either a autosomal recessive or dominant trait. The sclerae is only slightly bluish in infancy and white in adulthood, although the average life expectancy is 25 years. Type IV is always dominant. With types III and IV multiple fractures from minor physical stress occurs leading to progressive and severe deformities. Kyphoscoliosis may cause respiratory impairment and predisposition to pulmonary infections. â€Å"Popcorn-like† deposits of mineral appear on the ends of long bones. (Isselbacher, 2111) The symptoms of OI tarde (types I, III and IV) can appear when the child begins to walk, and lessens with age. The tendency to fracture decreases and often disappears after puberty. Later in life, particularly during pregnancy and after menopause, more fractures occur. The bones are usually slender with short, thin cortices and trabeculae (fibers of framework), but can also be unusually thin. (Smith, 1983, 136) Narrow diaphysis of the long bones contributes to the fractures and bowing deformities. Scoliosis is common. The haversian cells are poorly developed. The bones lack minerals needed to form bone matrix. Epiphyseal fractures (end of the bone) results in deformities and stunted growth (dwarfism). Osteopenia, the decrease in bone mass, is symptomatic. Other signs of OI include hyperextensibility of the joints — double-jointedness– and abnormally thin, translucent skin. Discolored (blue-gray or yellow-brown) and malformed teeth which break easily and are cavity prone are found in patients Patients with OI have a triangular-shaped head and face, a bilaterally bulging skull, and prominent eyes with a wide distance between the temporal region. (Loeb, 755) Hearing loss by the age of 30-40 is the result of the pressure on the auditory nerve because of the deformity of its canal in the skull, and the development of otosclerosis. Recurrent epistaxis (nosebleeds), bruising and edema (especially at the sight of fractures), difficulty tolerating high temperatures and mild hyperpyrexia are other symptoms. Thoracic deformities may impair chest expansion and the ability to effectively breath deeply and cough. (Loeb, 755) Patients are also more susceptible to infection. In assessing a patient data is needed about the genetic history and birth of the child, as well as a complete development assessment from birth. Vital signs are taken, and periods of increased heart and respiratory rate and elevated body temperature are note- worthy. Skin should be examined for color, elasticity, translucency, and signs of edema and bruising. A description of position and appearance of a child†s trunk and extremities and facial characteristics should be noted. The height of the child in terms of expected growth, signs of scoliosis or laxity of ligaments, and range of motion of the joints are all important. You read "Osteogenisis Imperfecta" in category "Essay examples" Sight and hearing should be tested since there are sensory problems associated with OI. The appearance of the sclerae and tympanic membranes and defects of primary teeth and gums are important. (Jackson, 1699) X-rays usually reveal a decrease in bone density. â€Å"There is no consensus, however, as to whether the diagnosis can be made by microscopy of bone specimens.† (Isselbacher, 2112) DNA sequencing and incubating skin fiboblasts are two ways help diagnose OI. Prenatal ultrasonography is used to detect severely affected fetuses at about 16 weeks of pregnancy. Diagnosis of the lethal type II by ultrasound during the second trimester of pregnancy is by the identification of fractures of the long bones. Compression of the fetal head is seen by ultrasound probe, and low echogeneity of the cranium can be signs of skeletal dysplasia (faulty development of the tissues). Diagnosis is confirmed by postmortem examination including radiography and biochemical studies of cultivated fibroblasts from the fetus. (Berge, 321) Diagnosis by analyzing DNA sequencing can be carried out in chronic villa biopsies at 8-12 weeks. There is no known treatment of OI at this time. Treatment therefore is predominantly supportive and educational. Because of multiple fractures and bruising, it is important to diagnose this disease in order to prevent accusations of child abuse. Treatment of fractures is often challenging because of abnormal bone structure and laxity of the ligaments. Splinting devices are used to stabilize the bones and to protect against additional fractures. Treatment aims to prevent deformities through use of traction and/or immobilization in order to aid in normal development and rehabilitation. Limb deformities and repeated fractures can be corrected by intramedullary rods — telescoping rods that elongate with growth. After surgical placement of the rods, extensive post- operative care is required because greater amounts of blood and fluid are lost. (Loeb, 755) It should be noted that the healing of fractures appear to be normal. (Isselbacher, 2112) Braces, immobilizing devices and wheelchairs are necessary. Physical therapy is important in the treatment of OI. Bone fracture density in unfractured bone is decreased when compared with age-matched controls due to limited exercise, so it is essential to stay as active as possible. Physical therapy is also used for strengthening muscle and preventing disuse fractures with exercises with light resistance, such as swimming. Regular dental visits are necessary to monitor the teeth. Monitoring by opthalmol- ogists for vision and audiologits for hearing is also essential. Radiologists need to examine the structure and density of the bones, and an orthopedist is needed to set fractures and take care of other bone related problems. Counseling and emotional support is needed for both the patient and the family. It is important not to limit a child because of his/her disabilities, and to realize that many victims of this disease live successful lives. Debrah Morris, a successful business woman, and active fighter for disability rights and helping other patients of OI, says, â€Å"If I had the choice to be anyone in the world, I would be exactly who I am. The people I have met, the challenges I have faced, the opportunities that I have been presented — all are directly related to dealing with being a little person with brittle bones.† (Kasper, 53) Many of the symptoms of OI can be confused with those of a battered child. X-rays are used to show evidence of old fractures and bone deformities to distinguish the difference. The Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation (OIF) has is a national support group that offers assistance to families in this position and to increase public awareness. The OIF has a medical advisory council, chapters, support groups, regional meetings, biennial national conferences, and parent contacts to help families feeling alone and helpless. They also publish a newsletter, provide literature and videos about OI, and sponsors a fund to support research. Magnesium oxide can be administered to decrease the fracture rate, as well as hyperpyrexia and constipation associated with this condition. (Anderson, 1127) A high-protein, high-carbohydrate, high-vitamin diet is needed to promote healing. A growth hormone has also been administered during childhood, and is shown to substantially increase growth. Treatment with bisphosphorates and related agents has been discussed to decrease bone loss, but no controlled studies have been done. (Isselbacher, 2113) Since there is no cure for oseogenesis imperfecta, appropriate and properly timed rehabilitation intervention is of the utmost importance to ensure that the child is able to function to the best of his/her ability in society. A ten year study that was submitted in 1992 proves this. 25 of 115 children with severe OI were observed since birth or infancy at the National Institutes of Health, MD and the Skeletal Dysplasia Clinic at the Children†s National Medical Center in D.C. One was Type I, two Type II, nine Type III, and thirteen Type IV. They were classified by physical characteristics and functional capacity: Group A consisted of those who were severely dwarfed with large heads and marked bowing , contractures, and weakness of extremities. The highest functional skill expected was independent sitting. Group B was growth deficient, but with a normal sized head. Femoral bowing, scoliosis, and contractures of the hip flexors were characteristics. they were expected to stand and/or ambulate with braces. Group C were less growth deficient, and had good strength, but poor endurance. They had marked joint laxity and poorly aligned lower extremity joints, but were ambulators. (Binder, 386-387) Group A patients were the most severely involved. Most were basically sitters. The majority were totally dependent in their self care. Group B had the potential to become at least short-distance ambulators. These patients had acquired the ability to move to sitting, but had transitional moving problems, such as sitting to standing. All were part- ially independent in their self care. Group C had antigravity strength and 50% had good strength in their extremities. All were physically active and age-appropriately independent, but none were good long-distance walkers. (Binder, 387-388) Progressive rehabilitation of these groups all included posture exercises and active range of motion and strengthing exercises. Group B had additional ROM and posture exercises, as well as Developmental exercises. Group C added coordination activities. Conclusion, â€Å"Management of patients with OI should address the child†s functional needs. Even though the degree of disability may be severe, management should not be limited to orthopedic procedures and bracing. Treatment planning should be considered, but not totally based on genetic, anatomical, and biochemical abnormalities. Our experi- ence suggests that clinical grouping based in part on functional potential can be useful in the appropriate management of children with OI.†(Binder, 390) Independence was stressed in this study, and even patients with limited sitting ability, upper extremity function can be improved to at least minimal independence in self-help skills. Potential ambulators should be helped because, although their ability might not progress past indoor ambulation, walking will make them more independent and may result in increased bone mineralization. Poor joint alignment, poor balance, and low endurance can all be improved with persistent, individualized physical and occupational therapy. For best results, therapy should be started as soon after birth as possible. Mainstreaming school aged children is also important. All of this together leads to â€Å"age-appropriate social development and markedly improved independence and quality of life in the majority of patients.†(Binder, 390) Osteogenesis imperfecta is the most common genetic disorder of the bone. It occurs in about 1 in 20,000 live births, and is equally prevalent in all races and both sexes. The Type I OI has a population frequency of about 1 in 30,000. Type II has a birth incidence of about 1 in 60,000. Types III and IV are less common and may be as high as 1 in 20,000. (Isselbacher, 2111) The occurrence of OI in families with no history or blue sclerae is about 1 in 3,000,000 births.(Smith, 1995, 171) The recurrence risks in families is estimated to be 6 to 10%, but is only estimated because most couples choose not to have any more children. 15 to 20% of patients with OI do not carry the gene for abnormal collagen, making many wonder if there is yet another genetic problem undiagnosed at this time.(Smith, 1995, 172) How to cite Osteogenisis Imperfecta, Essay examples

Understand How Schools Upload Their Aims and Values free essay sample

# Governors: †¢ Governors are responsible for the approval of the E-Safety Policy and for reviewing the effectiveness of the policy. This will be carried out by the Governors receiving regular information about e-safety incidents and monitoring reports. †¢ A member of the Governing Body has taken on the role of E-Safety . The role of the E-Safety Governor will include: †¢ regular meetings with the E-Safety Co-ordinator / Officer †¢ regular monitoring of e-safety incident logs regular monitoring of filtering / change control logs †¢ reporting to relevant Governors committee / meeting Headteacher and Senior Leaders: †¢ The Headteacher is responsible for ensuring the safety (including e-safety) of members of the school community, though the day to day responsibility for e-safety will be delegated to the E-Safety Co-ordinator / Officer – Mrs J. Besaw †¢ The Headteacher / Senior Leaders are responsible for ensuring that the E-Safety Coordinator / Officer and other relevant staff receive suitable CPD to enable them to carry out their e-safety roles and to train other colleagues, as relevant †¢ The Headteacher / Senior Leaders will ensure that there is a system in place to allow for monitoring and support of those in school who carry out the internal e-safety monitoring role. We will write a custom essay sample on Understand How Schools Upload Their Aims and Values or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is to provide a safety net and also support to those colleagues who take on important monitoring roles †¢ The Senior Leadership Team / Senior Management Team will receive regular monitoring reports from the E-Safety Co-ordinator †¢ The Headteacher and another member of the Senior Leadership Team / Senior Management Team should be aware of the procedures to be followed in the event of a serious e-safety allegation being made against a member of staff E-Safety Coordinator †¢ leads on esafety †¢ takes day to day responsibility for e-safety issues and has a leading role in establishing and reviewing the school e-safety policies / documents †¢ ensures that all staff are aware of the procedures that need to be followed in the event of an e-safety incident taking place. †¢ provides training and advice for staff †¢ liaises with the Local Authority †¢ liaises with school ICT technical staff receives reports of e-safety incidents and creates a log of incidents to inform future e-safety developments †¢ meets regularly with E-Safety Governor to discuss current issues, review incident logs and filtering / change control logs †¢ attends relevant meeting / committee of Governors †¢ reports regularly to Senior Leadership Team Network Manager / Technical staff: †¢ EDIT is responsible for ensuring: that the school’s ICT infrastructure is secure and is not open to misuse or malicious attack †¢ that users may only access the school’s networks through a properly enforced password protection policy, †¢ that he / she keeps up to date with e-safety technical information in order to effectively carry out their e-safety role and to inform and update others as relevant †¢ that the use of the network / Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) / remote access / email is regularly monitored in order that any misuse / attempted misuse can be reported to the E-Safety Co-ordinator / Officer /Headteacher / Senior Leader / Head of ICT / ICT Co-ordinator / Class teacher / Head of Year †¢ That there is a procedure for authorising a request for website to be whitelisted or blacklisted before requesting this at [emailprotected] gov. uk †¢ Teaching and Support Staff †¢ are responsible for ensuring that: they have an up to date awareness of e-safety matters and of the current school e-safety policy and practices †¢ they have read, understood and signed th e school Staff Acceptable Use Policy / Agreement (AUP) †¢ they report any suspected misuse or problem to the E-Safety Co-ordinator / Officer /Headteacher / Senior Leader / Head of ICT / ICT Co-ordinator / Class teacher / Head of Year (as in the section above) for investigation / action / sanction †¢ digital communications with students / pupils (email / Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) / voice) should be on a professional level and only carried out using official school systems †¢ e-safety issues are embedded in all aspects of the curriculum and other school activities †¢ students / pupils understand and follow the school e-safety and acceptable use policy †¢ students / pupils have a good understanding of research skills and the need to avoid plagiarism and uphold copyright regulations †¢ they monitor ICT activity in lessons, extra curricular and extended school activities †¢ they are aware of e-safety issues related to the use of mobile phones, cameras and hand held devices and that they monitor their use and implement current school policies with regard to these devices †¢ in lessons where internet use is pre-planned students / pupils should be guided to sites checked as suitable for their use and that processes are in place for dealing with any unsuitable material that is found in internet searches Designated person for child protection / Child Protection Officer †¢ should be trained in e-safety issues and be aware of the potential for serious child protection issues to arise from: †¢ sharing of personal data †¢ access to illegal / inappropriate materials †¢ inappropriate on-line contact with adults / strangers †¢ potential or actual incidents of grooming †¢ cyber-bullying E-Safety Committee †¢ Members of the E-safety committee (or other relevant group) will assist the E-Safety Coordinator / Officer (or other relevant person, as above) with: †¢ the production / review / monito ring of the school e-safety policy / documents. the production / review / monitoring of the school filtering policy (if the school chooses to have one) Students / pupils: †¢ are responsible for using the school ICT systems in accordance with the Student / Pupil Acceptable Use Policy, which they will be expected to sign before being given access to school systems †¢ have a good understanding of research skills and the need to avoid plagiarism and uphold copyright regulations †¢ need to understand the importance of reporting abuse, misuse or access to inappropriate materials and know how to do so †¢ will be expected to know and understand school policies on the use of mobile phones, digital cameras and hand held devices. They should also know and understand school policies on the taking / use of images and on cyber-bullying. †¢ should understand the importance of adopting good e-safety practice when using digital technologies out of school and realise that the school’s E-Safety Policy covers their actions out of school, if related cto their membership of the school Parents / Carers †¢ Parents / Carers play a crucial role in ensuring that their children understand the need to use the internet / mobile devices in an appropriate way. Research shows that many parents and carers do not fully understand the issues and are less experienced in the use of ICT than their children. The school will therefore take every opportunity to help parents understand these issues through parents’ evenings, newsletters, letters, website / VLE and information about national / local e-safety campaigns / literature. Parents and carers will be responsible for: †¢ endorsing (by signature) the Student / Pupil Acceptable Use Policy †¢ accessing the school website / VLE / on-line student / pupil records in accordance with the relevant school Acceptable Use Policy. Community User †¢ Community Users who access school ICT systems / website / VLE as part of the Extended School provision will be expected to sign a Community User AUP before being provided with access to school systems. 8 9 10 11

Subscribe (PUBSUB) network. The WritePass Journal

The network resource optimization work needed to be done in the framework of Publish/Subscribe (PUBSUB) network. Introduction The network resource optimization work needed to be done in the framework of Publish/Subscribe (PUBSUB) network. IntroductionContextual ReviewTechnical ReviewMotivation behind Optical NetworkingMotivation behind PUBSUB modelEconomical and Commercial ReviewProposalProject PlanConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction This paper investigates the ground for the network resource optimization work needed to be done in the framework of Publish/Subscribe (PUBSUB) network [psirp]. This work forms part of the project which will be undertaken in Summer Term (2010-2011) in fulfilment of the Masters Degree (University of Essex). As the project title says â€Å"Lightpaths in Publish/Subscribe Internet Model†, the work is more focussed on developing the strategies for optimum utilization of the optical network to reflect data flows and the decisions made at routing layer of the information centric network (ICN). As the project uses two different networking notions i.e. pubsub ICN model and optical networking concept, this paper researches the background for these fields and tries to argument how they are viable candidates for the future internet. It also explains where the proposed work will fit in big picture. Since 1970’s (ARPANET) [isoc], internet has undergone immense transformations. Internet traffic is growing not just in statistical figures but also in different types of applications it is supporting today e.g. triple/ quadruple play services (voice, video, data). It is being accessed today in different forms i.e. fixed landline connections to WiFi hotspots. Key market players like Cisco predict that data hungry applications like video will remain at the heart of internet usage and will contribute to the majority of the internet revenues [cisco]. Though service providers see these strong earning opportunities, challenges are posed for them to keep customers happy while making optimum use of network resources to serve more customers.   Progress in DWDM and EDFA technologies has spurred the desire of having all optical networks [alca][cam]. Number of networking bodies today are working on building efficient total optical solutions, which are gradually making to the market to l everage the very high transport capacity offered by them (in Terabits/s) [ rat]. Though service providers get away with the capacity constrain with the use of optical transport networks (OTN), they are facing problems managing t the IP layer causing possible performance bottlenecks. Blumenthal et al [blue] has thrown light on some of these problems like host centric design i.e. more focus on host to host connectivity than information being delivered. This imposes lot of overhead (maintaining states) on the multicasting services such as news, IPTV, BBC iPlayer [marco2]. It needs more control information which consumes the data bandwidth. The design, by default favours the sender, giving him/her extra power to disseminate the content to desired hosts; this accounts to unnecessary traffic along with the possibility of untrustworthy content being received. Security and mobility were added as top up components [msc]. Attempts are being made to overcome these problems like moving to IP version 6, New Internet Routing Architecture (NIRA), Translating Relaying Internet A rchitecture integrating Active Directories (TRIAD), Routing on Flat Labels (ROFL) [msc] etc. But all these solutions are still based on underlying IP mattress. Networking experts across the world (Van Jacobson, David Clark, Dirk Trossen) [tow][arg][blue] are hinting for the green field efforts for redesigning the internet by keeping information at the centre of the design and envision this as the internet of the future. This project focuses on deriving the optimum traffic handling strategies for the optical layer in context of the content centric network (CCN). The work will include building simulations for various network scenarios such as different topologies and data characteristics and verification of those with the test-bed. This paper, chronologically, explains the driving factors and motivation behind this work and also looks at its economical and commercial benefits. Proposal section describes the structure, scope and methodology of the project. Work plan breaks down the project into tasks and shows with the help of Gantt chart how are those placed in time.   Finally paper concludes by summarising the outcomes of planning and background study. Contextual Review The contextual review illustrates the technical benefits of this project and also covers the other work done/being done in this area. It also mentions economical impact this will have and tries to foresee the market this work may help. Technical Review The body of this project is placed on two legs pubsub networking model and optical networking. The project greatly benefits from the earlier work done in these areas. As the work related to ICN is still in research phase, it makes sense to have a look at the technical driving factors after it and to re-view the optical network in context of that. One by one, it tries to elucidate the driving factors behind these fields, their advantages and gain of combining them. Motivation behind Optical Networking Due to advancements in DWDM and EDFA, more light wavelengths can be injected into the fibre tremendously increasing the fibre capacity in ranges of terabits [rat]. Research in optical network elements is making them reach longer distances without amplifiers i.e. reducing the network elements and points of failure in the network. Having multiple wavelengths in the fibre facilitates on demand light path creation (using OADM) allowing effective on the fly bandwidth management [rat][marco1]. However changing the network dynamically is risky task and needs better control. The O-E-O switches allow the demarcation of control and data plane yielding greater speed and flexibility in data forwarding plane which is controlled by but decoupled from the routing layer [marco1]. This concept is similar to that of MPLS but as the current network owners are not ready to shred the already deployed equipments to reap their investments, hence Generic MPLS plays important role where the forwarding tables can be shared by multiple forwarding fabrics. Efforts have been made (Eiji Oki et al) [oki] to engineer the IP and optical networks using GMPLS. Their work is more close to the work this paper tries to present but in framework of CCN. Eiji also talks about concept of traffic grooming which is very much relevant. Work done by Marco et al [marco1][marco2] experiment   an optical switching based on various IP properties e.g. in [marco1]the IP packets heading to identical destinations are clubbed and switched together. In previous work, switching is applied to prolonged, huge IP flows. In Paper [marco2] Optical Flow Switching is explored which switches the flows of the IP traffic by dynamically setting up the links. It is similar to the work this paper proposes where switching decisions will be made by the content and its properties. Flow switched optical network creates dynamic pass-through circuits at the intermediate nodes such that the data is forwarded from source to destination at the optical layer without any need to go to electrical layer. Further identical flows can be groomed together [marco2]. This feature encourages lot of equipment vendors and market players because of the economic benefit it offers. It takes load off the routing layer i.e. no need to make per hop decisions as in case of today’s IP networks; forwarding can be performed in hardware and hence faster than routing. This allows network operators to carry more customer traffic with the same infrastructural setup. Motivation behind PUBSUB model The work this paper presents is targeted for ICN. Number of network research bodies and market players together (PERSUIT, PSIRP, CCNx) [psirp][ccnx][needed] are already   working on ICN designs and lot of work is being done in related areas. It does address the problems faced by IP networks and also add some new features of its own as described below. Information centric approach – The nature of the applications is becoming more demanding not just in size and format of the content (like Video and VoIP) but also in timely delivery. But for service providers managing overload of control information and accessing the domain named services is becoming challenge with IP paradigm. Dirk in his paper [arg] points out that keeping information at the centre of the design truly makes sense. It will be easy if the information is uniquely named and distributed reducing the middleware load and making it easy to access [arg]. Receiver focussed design – Receivers have power to choose the type of information they want to receive by subscribing only to that information. This benefits both end users and network providers; it inherently reduces the spam and possibility of attacks at the user end and results in sensible use of the network infrastructure for providers [msc]. Security and Mobility – Security and mobility will be embedded into the architecture unlike the add-ons in IP suite. With expected growth in mobile markets with 4G and entry of devices like smart phones, embedded mobility solution is a great asset for mobile players for efficient handling of their networks [ill][cisco]. Multicasting and Active Caching – In CCN, the edge network nodes actively monitor the content being accessed and caches the same if it is being accessed too frequently. This helps in reducing the redundant traffic through the core allowing fair utilization of the network [msc]. Multicasting is achieved through the innovative concept of zFilter [ill] which is performed at the forwarding layer. This makes it faster with most of the decisions made off the routing layer, which is attractive feature simplifying the task of network configuration. Other work in progress – Apart from PSIRP, project like CCNx and 4WARD [ccnx][4ward] also put forward the notion of CCN for future internet. CCNx tries to get the desired content by naming it in levelled manner and 4WARD tries to find the efficient ways to route the data over heterogeneous networks [ill]. There are some strong advantages of combining optical networks with pubsub model e.g. both of them believe in local decision making than configuring end to end paths. Dynamic optical layer can share the pressure at the routing layer for efficient content delivery resulting in fair use of the infrastructure [marco1]. Economical and Commercial Review Apart from the research bodies and universities, people from the key market players like BT and Ericsson, Xerox [ill][lipsin][ccnx] are also actively involved in the pubsub work, unlike the earlier internet designed by the government bodies [isoc]. This has two advantages; it allows addressing the practical problems faced by these companies right at the design level rather than added as patches later on. When it comes to actual deployment of the researched work, it will have ready acceptance from these industry players and their partners which is a big plus from commercial point of view. The work directly affects to the companies in content distribution network like Akamai, Limelight Networks [cdn]. Inherent smart multicast and caching abilities open new opportunities to them allowing cost-effective data distribution. Further Dirk in his paper [driver] comments that metadata databases in the CCN can be used for pricing the specific services in fair manner. This does not need any burden on data bandwidth such as deep inspection or bid packets to differentiate between the streams. Thus CCN may change the way the end user is charged. Last point worth mentioning is CCN routers consume less electrical energy as compared to the current IP based content distribution strategies like P2P or content distribution networks [green]. Concepts like caching reduce the transit traffic helping in less energy consumption. Also less O-E-O conversions contribute to save the energy consumption at intermediate nodes. Proposal This project falls under PURSUIT [pursuit] which is continuation of the PSIRP project. This project will contribute to the forwarding plane related work of the PUBSUB networks, implemented using O-E-O routers. As PUBSUB uses optical networks in the ground, it is about optical traffic engineering i.e. creating on demand light paths in the network in order to make efficient use of resources. It can be explained with the figurexyz below. NEED DIAGRAM HERE X, Y, Z are OEO routers, inner circle shows the optical layer and outer circle depicts the electrical layer of the network. There is traffic flowing from XY on wavelength ÃŽ »1 and also some traffic from XZ on the same wavelength. After some time due to congestion at node Y, the traffic at Z experiences performance issues. At this stage decision should be made to cut another wavelength ÃŽ »2 from XZ, which is configured as pass-through at node Y so that it does not go to electrical layer and the performance at node Z is restored. Another important decision needs to be taken is when to shut down this light path i.e. if the traffic at node Y has minimised to earlier levels, so that optical layer has minimum number of wavelength to deal with. The decision of cutting a new wavelength will be made based on two things, Size of the content which is going to flow – In CCN, we can know beforehand the amount of data which will flow through the nodes by looking at its metadata. If the data consumes the substantial amount of wavelength capacity then it makes sense to cut a new wavelength. Quality metrics at the intermediate nodes – Some quality metrics at the intermediate node such as delay might make a decision to cut another wavelength when it goes beyond some threshold. So the project fully focuses on creating/destroying new wavelengths depending on the quality metrics at the electrical layer or based on the content. Scope of this project is limited to building simulations and then verification of them using test-bed. The simulations will be performed using proprietary simulator to study the various networking scenarios e.g. for different delay thresholds and topologies. This will yield statistical graphs for number of wavelengths in the network and delay characteristics which can be studied further for optimization. Next step is verification of these results with the help of 3-node test –bed setup as shown in figurexyz. Though the work is limited to 3- node setup, it will serve as a prototype for the further research. The work done can be gauged on two things, The statistical results (graphs) generated from the simulations. Expectation is that, it will generate number of curves for delay vs number of wavelengths which will show some sweet spot where both of them are at the optimum level. Results of the test-bed which will verify the rules of thumbs generated with simulation. Project Plan The project work can be broken down in the following tasks and subtasks. Background Study – This includes numbers of things like, Understanding concept of PUBSUB and Optical Networking Literature Review Project Proposal Study of a simulator – It is necessary getting acquainted with simulator before the project approaches simulation stage. Hence initial time of the project is assigned for it. Generating Representative Traffic Model (RTM) – This step involves defining the data models for PUBSUSB network which will be part of metadata. This will help in identifying huge data flows by reading the metadata content. Identifying Simulation Scenarios – This will decide what type of simulation scenarios to include e.g. networks with different topologies and data stream with different quality metrics and actually running these scenarios to collect the statistics. This can be further broken down in three cases. Modelling network with huge traffic flows Modelling network with different delays at intermediate nodes Modelling network with different delays and different topologies Modelling network with different types of traffic (if time permits) Network Optimization – It is concerned with generating rules of thumb for particular traffic or topologies from statistics collected from the simulations. Test-bed Verification – The rules of thumbs generated from optimization process will be verified for proof of principle using the 3-node test-bed setup. Report writing and presentation – Last one month of the project is dedicated for report writing and for preparing the presentation. Conclusion References Internet Society (ISOC) All About The Internet. (Undated). History of the Internet. [Online]. Viewed on : 2 March 2011. Available: isoc.org/internet/history/cerf.shtml (isoc) Cisco Systems. (2010, June). Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2009-2014. [Online]. Viewed on: 2 March 2011. Available: cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-481360.html (cisco) Content Centric Networking (CCNx) Source. (Undated). Welcome |Project CCNx. [Online]. Viewed on: 2 March 2011. Available: ccnx.org/ (ccnx) (Undated). The FP7 4WARD Project. Viewed on: 2 March 2011. Available: 4ward-project.eu/ (4ward) psirp.org/ (psirp) fp7-pursuit.eu/PursuitWeb/   (pursuit) http://gigaom.com/2007/08/06/cdn-price-wars/ (cdn) Alcatel Optical Networks Tutorial (alca) Arun Somani, Cambridge (cam) The Rationale of Optical Networking (rat) Illustrating a Publish-Subscribe Internet Architecture (ill) Rethinking the Design of the Internet: The End-to-End Arguments vs. the Brave New World (blue) Academic Dissemination and Exploitation of a Clean-slate Internetworking Architecture: The Publish-Subscribe Internet Routing Paradigm (msc) Towards a new generation of information-oriented internetworking architectures (tow) Greening the Internet with Content-Centric Networking (green) Arguments for an Information-Centric Internetworking Architecture (arg) Not Paying the Truck Driver: Differentiated Pricing for the Future Internet (driver) LIPSIN: Line Speed Publish/Subscribe Inter-Networking (lipsin) Optical IP Switching for dynamic traffic engineering in next-generation optical networks (marco1) Optical IP Switching: A Flow-Based Approach to Distributed Cross-Layer Provisioning (marco2) Dynamic Multilayer Routing Schemes in GMPLS-Based IP+Optical Networks (oki)

3 Tips for Writing Dialogue in Fiction

3 Tips for Writing Dialogue in Fiction 3 Tips for Writing Dialogue in Fiction â€Å"Fancy seeing you here,† the proofreader says, raising an eyebrow. â€Å"Word is you’re writing a novel and need some help. Well, you’ve come to the right place.† The proofreader takes your hand, gently but firmly leading you to a mysterious door in the corner of the room. â€Å"Come with me,† he says as he turns the handle, â€Å"and I’ll teach you all about writing great dialogue.† And as the door opens, you are dazzled by a bright light and feel the following tips fill your mind†¦ 1. Listen to People To sound real, dialogue should mimic the feeling of real conversation. A good way to get a sense of this is to listen to other people speak. Take note of the expressions that people use, the way conversations flow and change, and how speech differs from written language. Eavesdropping is the authors favorite pastime.(Photo: Thomas Szynkiewicz) However, don’t worry about making your dialogue too realistic. Human conversation is often full of â€Å"umms† an â€Å"urrrs,† but including these in your writing will make it stilted and hard to read. The main reason you’d include a verbal pause is to show that someone is hesitating. 2. He Said, She Said You may find yourself using â€Å"he said† and â€Å"she said† quite a lot in your dialogue. This is fine. In fact, it is better to use these terms consistently than to vary your dialogue tags too much. It is fine to use a descriptive term such as â€Å"shouted† or â€Å"whispered† now and then, but using too many will be distracting. The main thing is to ensure your readers know who is speaking at any given moment, so you can even leave dialogue tags out as long as this is clear from the context. 3. Show, Don’t Tell It can be tempting to tell your readers how a character feels while they speak. Typically, this will involve using adverbs such as â€Å"happily† or â€Å"sadly,† or even having the character outright say how they feel. Take the following exchange, for instance: â€Å"I got the job! I’m so happy!† she said. â€Å"That’s nice,† he replied distractedly. This tells us how the characters feel. But it is usually more interesting to show the reader how they feel by describing what they are doing. For example, we could change the line above to say: â€Å"I got the job!† she said, grinning from ear to ear. He looked up from his desk for a moment. â€Å"That’s nice,† he said, before returning to his work once more. Here, we can still tell that she is happy and that he is distracted. But we get this from the extra description rather than by being told directly. Summary: 3 Tips for Writing Dialogue in Fiction Keep these tips in mind when writing dialogue in a novel: Listen to other people’s conversations to get a sense of how they flow and the expressions used. This will help your dialogue sound natural. Stick to â€Å"he said† and â€Å"she said† as dialogue markers. Using too many terms such as â€Å"exclaimed† or â€Å"whispered† is distracting. Describe what your characters are doing while they speak. Most of the time, you can use actions to indicate how a character feels. And once you have a final draft written up, don’t forget that you can send it to us for professional proofreading!

Battles of world war II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Battles of world war II - Essay Example In mid- November of 1942, a startling pincer assault by two Russian navies tore off the German Sixth Army, which was then confined to a bloody purge for the city of Stalingrad. Locked in a cauldron, the Sixth Army that was under the authority of General Friedrich Paulus was commanded by Hitler to seize its position rather than withdraw west to unite the forefront of the German forces. Hitler was optimistic that he could muster the Red Army after the crippling winter of 1942, informed on the verity that despite Army Group Centre had suffered a crippling blow after heavy assault west of Moscow the previous winter. The German summer odious to the south of the Eastern Front was fuelled by two main goals: material and time resources. Hitler was openly significantly unyielding to finish the offensive before the strength of the United States entered the war came into limelight and secondly, he was indomitable to lock oil resources in the Caucasus, which would refuse them the Soviet Union al though saving a supplementary petroleum reserve for Germany (Palmer 40-60). As German advanced to Stalingrad in summer, the Soviets had amassed sufficient warning of the German’s progress to ship practically all the city’s grain, rail-road rolling stockpile and cattle across the Volga. The â€Å"harvest triumph† left the town short of food supply still before the German assault started. Production persisted in some industries, especially the ones producing T-34 tanks. The battle of Stalingrad started with the grave shelling of the metropolis by Wolfram von Richthofen’s, which in autumn and spring of 1942 was the mainly prevailing single air configuration in the world. Over 1, 000 tons of bombs were dropped. The city was hastily turned into debris, although some industries continued manufacturing whilst employees joined in the fighting (Robbins

What Ministerial Ordination Means to Me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What Ministerial Ordination Means to Me - Essay Example Everyone can access it but not everyone chooses to focus on it, or emphasizes it in daily living or honours it first. Being ordained means that I do. Those who do not understand have challenged me with the charge that being non-denominational means practicing a hodge podge of bits and pieces that do not come down from a direct scriptural lineage. In my ministry, I practice Integrated Energy Therapy (IET), which involves releasing the energy patterns from the past, which limit one’s capacity for power and joy. The outcome of this healing modality is that the person becomes empowered and balanced. In order to do this work, I too must allow any energy patterns from the past to be released, so that I too empowered and balanced. Only from this place can I help others. I make myself available for communication with angels. I make use of the violet energy ray, with the help of healing angels, to work directly with the client’s 12 strand DNA. ... Energy flows through me and is accepted by the client, applied to wherever it is needed. My intention is only to make my body and spirit available for this energy to flow through, without obstruction. Being ordained is a marking of this understanding that it is not me, not my agenda, not my power, but is universal energy moving though me. Being ordained is a declaration of availability. Being ordained means keeping myself in a positive energetic space, as much as possible, so that I can model and invite positive influence for the benefit of my clients. It means that I consistently think about what is good and beneficial, because the Law of Attraction teaches that like attracts like. Focusing on dark thoughts will invite darkness, but focusing on positive thoughts invites the Light. I have heard the opinion expressed that a minister is called by God, that being ordained is an affirmative reply to that call. To me, being ordained is a seal on my commitment to myself, the channeling of cosmic energy and to my community. It is a formal answer to the cosmic call I have heard with my deepest being. This call is an invitation to take on responsibility to organize my life ministry, to serve others, to provide an example of living in which every act is sacred. I am human and therefore I have ignorance, jealousy, vanity, insecurity, fear, greed, and other obstructions of the Light. How can I lead? I am, at the same time, blessed with compassion, empathy, an open heart, appreciation, the sight of miracles, and other gifts that promote contact with the Light. Through grace, I reach for Light, and I help others who long for it, as I do. But what is my tradition and what are its boundaries? Ordination means being connected to a